1. Cov amino acids nrhiav tau li cas?
Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov dej num tseem ceeb yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo kawg spectrum ntawm paub cov proteins uas txawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj, zoo, thiab nqi. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias txawm hais tias muaj ntau hom proteins muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, tag nrho cov proteins, raws li hydrolysis, tsim ib chav kawm yooj yim ntawm cov tebchaw, lub tsev blocks ntawm cov proteins, hu ua amino acids. Qhov yooj yim amino acid yog hu ua glycine, lub npe rau nws qab zib saj ("qab zib"). Nws yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov amino acids uas raug txheeb xyuas thiab tau raug cais tawm ntawm cov protein gelatin txij li xyoo 1820. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab -1950s, cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog elucidating kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov protein thiab noob tau pom zoo tias 20 amino acids (hu ua qauv lossis hom amino acids) tau suav hais tias yog lub tsev tsim khoom ntawm tag nrho cov proteins. Qhov kawg paub threonine tau pom nyob rau hauv 1935.
2. Amino acid yog ib pawg ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas muaj cov amino thiab carboxyl pawg
Lub cev xav tau 20 cov amino acids sib txawv los tswj kev noj qab haus huv thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Cuaj ntawm cov amino acids, hu ua qhov tseem ceeb amino acids, yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov khoom noj. Cov khoom noj zoo muaj xws li nqaij, qe, taum paj, taum pauv, buckwheat, quinoa, thiab khoom noj siv mis.
Amino acid hmoov yog cov tebchaw uas hydrogen atom ntawm carbon atom ntawm carboxylic acid yog hloov los ntawm ib pawg amino. Amino acids muaj ob pawg ua haujlwm: amino pawg thiab pawg carboxyl. Zoo ib yam li hydroxy acids, cov amino acids tuaj yeem muab faib ua -, -, -... W-amino acids, tab sis tsuas yog cov amino acids uas tsim los ntawm proteolysis yog alpha-amino acids, thiab tsuas muaj ob lub kaum ntawm lawv, uas. yog lub tsev blocks ntawm cov proteins.
Ib qho amino acid yog ib pawg ntawm cov organic molecules uas muaj cov amino pawg tseem ceeb (-NH2) thiab cov acid carboxyl pawg (-COOH), thiab ob pawg amino thiab carboxyl tau txuas ncaj qha rau -CH- qauv. Cov qauv dav dav yog tias pawg R yog pawg sib txawv. Tsuas yog glycine, -carbon atoms ntawm lwm cov protein amino acids yog asymmetric carbon atoms, yog li cov amino acids muaj peev xwm muaj stereoisomers, uas yog, optical isomerism, muaj ob configurations: D-hom thiab L-hom, cov amino acids uas tsim cov proteins, yog L-type.
Amino acids tuaj yeem ua ke hauv cov nroj tsuag lossis tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg thiab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm proteolysis. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov metabolism, kev loj hlob, kev saib xyuas thiab kho cov ntaub so ntswg. Thaum ib tug neeg noj zaub mov muaj protein ntau, lawv lub plab zom mov zom cov protein rau hauv cov amino acids. Lub cev tom qab ntawd khi cov amino acids hauv ntau txoj hauv kev los ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Lub cev noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem ua rau lwm 11 amino acids, yog li cov no feem ntau tsis tas yuav nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm kev noj zaub mov.
Amino acids paub tias yuav ntxiv dag zog rau cov leeg, ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev, thauj khoom noj khoom haus, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab ua lwm yam haujlwm. Amino acid deficiency tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob, teeb meem plab zom mov, kev nyuaj siab, teeb meem kev xeeb tub, txo qis kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev loj hlob qeeb hauv menyuam yaus, thiab ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv. Txhua qhov tseem ceeb amino acid plays lub luag haujlwm sib txawv hauv lub cev, thiab cov tsos mob ntawm qhov tsis txaus sib txawv raws li.